> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://bitcoin-munari.gitbook.io/bitcoin-munari-whitepaper/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://bitcoin-munari.gitbook.io/bitcoin-munari-whitepaper/the-problem-with-current-cryptocurrencies/bitcoins-limitations.md).

# Bitcoin's Limitations

While Bitcoin remains the gold standard of cryptocurrency, its architecture presents significant challenges:

**Speed Constraints** - Bitcoin processes approximately 7 transactions per second with 10-minute block times. This makes real-time payments impractical and creates network congestion during high-demand periods.

**High Transaction Fees** - During network congestion, Bitcoin fees can spike to $20-50+ per transaction, making it economically unviable for small purchases or frequent transfers.

**Limited Programmability** - Bitcoin's scripting language is intentionally limited, preventing the smart contract functionality that powers modern DeFi applications.

**Energy Consumption** - Bitcoin's Proof-of-Work consensus, while secure, consumes enormous energy resources, creating sustainability concerns.